Osteoarthritis: Understanding the Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that affects the cartilage, the smooth tissue that covers the ends of bones in a joint. OA is a common type of joint disease that affects 7% of the global population.

What is Osteoarthritis?

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of the joints that occurs when the protective cartilage that acts as a cushion inside the joint, gradually wears off, causing the bones to rub against each other. This friction leads to inflammation, pain, and stiffness in the joints. In the early stages, it can affect weight-bearing joints (knees, hips, and spine), but the smaller joints, for example on the fingers can also be affected. It can cause the fingers to become bent and stiff.

The Symptoms of Osteoarthritis

Several symptoms of osteoarthritis can vary on the severity of the disease. Some of the most common symptoms include:

• Pain – The affected joint may ache or feel sore, especially after active use (work, exercise, prolonged sitting …).
• Stiffness – The joint may feel stiff, and difficult to move or bend.
• Swelling – The joint may become swollen, appearing larger than usual.
• Grating sensation – You may hear or feel a grating sensation when moving the joint.
• Limited motion – The joint may not move in all directions as easily as it used to, which can make it difficult to perform daily activities.

Causes of Osteoarthritis

The exact cause of osteoarthritis is not fully understood yet, however, there are certain factors that can increase the risk of developing the disease:

• Age – OA is more common in elderly people.
• Genetics – A family history of OA can increase the risk of developing the disease at some point in a lifetime.
• Obesity – Our body weight puts stress on the joints.
• Joint injuries – Previous injuries or trauma to the joints can increase the risk of OA.
• Repetitive stress – Repetitive stress on the joints from certain occupations or sports activities can increase the risk of OA.

Diagnosis of OA

A doctor will diagnose OA based on a physical exam, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays or MRI scans. Blood tests may also be used to rule out other types of arthritis.

Treatment Options for Osteoarthritis

There is no cure for osteoarthritis, however, there are numerous treatment options available to manage the symptoms and slow down the progression of the disease:

• Medications – Over-the-counter pain relievers (which include acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)) can help relieve pain and reduce inflammation.
• Physical Therapy – Various exercises can help improve joint flexibility and strengthen muscles which can help to reduce pain.
• Weight Loss – Losing weight will reduce stress and pressure on the joints, especially in the knees and hips.
• Assistive Devices – Using assistive devices (braces, canes, and splints) can help support the joints and reduce pain.
• Surgery – In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to replace cartilage.

Prevention of OA

While it may not be possible to prevent osteoarthritis entirely, there are several steps you can take to reduce your risk of developing the disease:

• Maintain a healthy weight to reduce the stress on your joints.
• Exercise regularly to improve joint flexibility and strength.
• Wear appropriate footwear that provides support and cushioning for your feet.
• Avoid repetitive motions or activities that put excessive strain on your joints.
• Treat joint injuries promptly to reduce the risk of developing OA in that joint.